Influência da lesão carotídea no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica e sua evolução tardia / Influence of carotid injury in post-myocardial revascularization surgery and its late evolution

FUNDAMENTO: Cerca de 30% dos AVE perioperatórios da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) são decorrentes de lesões carotídeas, sem redução de risco confirmada por intervenção perioperatória. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto da doença carotídea e a intervenção perioperatória nos pacientes submetidos à CRM. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo observacional, avaliando 1.169 pacientes com idade > 65 anos submetidos à CRM entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2010, acompanhados, em média, por 49 meses. Todos foram submetidos à ultrassonografia de carótidas prévia à CRM. Definiu-se doença carotídea quando lesão > 50%. O desfecho primário foi composto pela incidência de AVE, acidente isquêmico transitório (AIT) e óbito por AVE. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da doença carotídea foi de 19,9% dos pacientes. A incidência do desfecho primário entre portadores e não portadores foi de 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,0018). Nos primeiros 30 dias, ocorreram 18,2% dos eventos. Relacionaram-se a doença carotídea: disfunção renal (OR 2,03, IC95% 1,34-3,07; p < 0,01), doença arterial periférica (OR 1,80, IC95% 1,22-2,65; p < 0,01) e infarto do miocárdio prévio (OR 0,47, IC95% 0,35-0,65; p < 0,01). Quanto ao desfecho primário, foram associados AIT prévio (OR 5,66, IC95% 1,67-6,35; p < 0,01) e disfunção renal (OR 3,28, IC95% 1,67-6,45; p < 0,01). Nos pacientes com lesão > 70%, a intervenção carotídea perioperatória apresentou incidência de 17% no desfecho primário contra 4,3% na conduta conservadora (p = 0,056) sem diferença entre abordagens percutânea e cirúrgica (p = 0,516). CONCLUSÃO: A doença carotídea aumenta o risco para AVE, AIT ou morte por AVE na CRM. Entretanto, a intervenção carotídea não foi relacionada à redução do desfecho primário.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 30% of perioperative CVA of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) are a result of carotid injuries, without reduction of risk confirmed by perioperative intervention. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of carotid disease and perioperative intervention in patients subjected to MRS. METHODS: Observational, retrospective study, evaluating 1169 patients aged > 69 years undergoing MRS from January, 2006 and December, 2010, monitored, on average, for 49 months. All patients were subjected to ultrasonography of carotids before MRS. It was defined as carotid disease when lesion > 50%. The primary outcome was composed of CVA incidence, transitory ischemic accident (TIA) and death due CVA. RESULTS: Prevalence of carotid disease was of 19.9% of patients. The incidence of primary outcome between unhealthy and healthy patients was of 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively (p = 0.0018). In the first 30 days, there were 18.2% of events. Were related to carotid disease: renal dysfunction (OR 2.03, IC95% 1.34-3.07; p < 0.01), peripheral arterial disease (OR 1.80, IC95% 1.22-2.65; p < 0.01) and previous myocardial infarction (OR 0.47, IC95% 0.35-0.65; p < 0.01). Regarding the primary outcome, were associated the previous TIA (OR 5.66, IC95% 1.67-6.35; p < 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 3.28, IC95% 1.67-6.45; p < 0.01). In patients with lesion >70%, perioperative carotid intervention demonstrated an incidence of 16% in primary outcome compared to 4.3% in conservatory treatment (p = 0.056) with no difference between percutaneous and surgical approaches (p = 0.516). CONCLUSION: Carotid disease increases the risk of CVA, TIA or death due to CVA in MRS. However, the carotid intervention was not related to reduction of primary outcome.

Endovascular treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm and delayed carotid-cavernous fistula following trans-sphenoidal surgery / Tratamiento endovascular de pseudoaneurisma y fístula carótida-cavernosa iatrogénica después de la cirugía trans-esfenoidal

Lesiones accidentales de la arteria carótida son complicaciones poco frecuentes de diversos procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Representan una condición grave y potencialmente mortal si el tratamiento no se realiza adecuadamente. Un paciente de sexo femenino, 45 años de edad, que ingresó en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología con queja de la disminución de la agudeza auditiva y acúfenos en el oído izquierdo. La resonancia magnética encefálica mostro una formación expansiva / infiltrativa a comprometer desde la nasofaringe izquierda hasta la base del cráneo, con la participación de la arteria carótida interna (ACI) en el mismo lado en su segmento petroso. Durante el procedimiento de biopsia, se produjo una laceración en la carótida derecha intracavernosa con sangrado abundante. Se realizó un taponamiento local y el paciente fue remitido a la angiografía cerebral que mostró un seudoaneurisma en la arteria carótida interna derecha en su segmento cavernoso. Después de una prueba de oclusión, la ACI derecha fue ocluida por 2 globos. Tres semanas después, el estado del paciente mostró empeoramiento progresivo de la agudeza visual, proptosis ocular, hiperemia conjuntival y la restricción del movimiento ocular en el ojo derecho. Una nueva angiografía fue realizada y mostró la persistencia de la oclusión de la ACI en su origen y un seudoaneurisma asociado con fístula carótido-cavernosa derecha, que se opacificado después de la inyección de contraste en la ACI izquierda, a través de la arteria comunicante anterior. El paciente fue sometido a un nuevo tratamiento endovascular con resolución de la lesión. Laceración de ACI durante la cirugía transesfenoidal es una complicación rara y potencialmente fatal. La prevención es el mejor tratamiento para cualquier lesión accidental. La utilización de técnicas endovasculares ha permitido para el tratamiento satisfactorio de esta condición.

Accidental carotid artery lesions are uncommon complications from diverse diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It represents a grave and potentially lethal condition if treatment is not adequately performed. A female patient, 45 years old, who was admitted to the Otolaryngology service complaining of diminished auditory acuity and tinnitus in the left ear. The encephalic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an expansive/infiltrative formation compromising the left nasopharynx to the skull base, involving the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) in its petrous segment. During the biopsy procedure, there was a right intracavernous ICA laceration with copious bleeding. A local tamponade was performed and the patient was referred to cerebral angiography (CAG), which showed a right ICA pseudoaneurysm in its intracavernous segment. After a balloon occlusion test, the right ICA was occluded by 2 balloons. Three weeks after, the patient’s condition showed progressive worsening of visual acuity, occular proptosis, conjuctival hyperemia and occular movement restriction in the right eye. A new CAG was performed and showed persistence in the right ICA occlusion in its origin and an intracavernous pseudoaneurysm associated with ipsilateral carotidcavernous fistula, which became opacified after contrast injection in left ICA, through the anterior communicating artery. The patient was submitted to a new endovascular treatment with lesion resolution. ICA laceration during transsphenoidal surgery is a rare and potentially fatal complication. The prevention is the best treatment for any accidental lesion. Utilization of endovascular techniques has allowed for satisfactory treatment of this condition.

Pattern of neck findings in suicidal hanging A study in Manipur.

Deaths due to hanging are common among suicides. In a study on 84 cases of suicidal hanging brought for autopsy to the mortuary of the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal during 2004 to 2008, it was observed that 77.38% of the cases were males and 22.62% were females. The highest number of victims was in the age range of 21-40 years. 73.81% of the cases committed suicide indoors and 57.14% of them used ropes as ligature material. 85.75% of the victims had fixed knots with a single turn and 10.71% had slip knots. Complete atypical hanging constituted 88.10% of the cases. 23.81% of the cases had tear of the carotid artery and 3.57% had hyoid fractures. None of the cases had cricoid or trachea fractures. The neck findings vary depending upon the composition, multiplicity and tightness of the ligature material used, the suspension time, type of hanging, etc. Hence, the possible findings in a suspected case of hanging must be always anticipated so as to avoid any erroneous opinion.

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries

Durante a década passada, o reconhecimento e tratamento do traumatismo cerebrovascular contuso, sofreu importante evolução. Este tipo de ferimento era considerado como ocorrência rara, mas atualmente o quadro é diagnosticado em cerca de 1% dos pacientes. O reconhecimento da existência de um período clínico silencioso permite uma seleção angiográfica baseada no mecanismo de trauma e na sistematização dos ferimentos dos pacientes. A avaliação sistemática e a suspeita diagnóstica precoce destes pacientes tem resultado em rápido confirmação durante a fase assintomática, permitindo a instauração de tratamento cuja meta é impedir o desenvolvimento de seqüelas neurológicas. Embora o tratamento ideal, antitrombótico, ainda precise ser determinado, o uso de agentes antiplaquetários ou anticoagulantes reduz a incidência de lesões cerebrovasculares relacionada a fenômenos tromboembolíticos. O traumatismo cerebrovascular contuso é raro, porém devastador. A seleção angiográfica apropriada em pacientes de alto risco deve ser realizada e o tratamento deve ser imediatamente iniciado para impedir eventos neurológicos isquêmicos.